What is Talmud Tweets?

What is Talmud Tweets? A short, personal take on a page of Talmud - every day!

For several years now, I have been following the tradition of "Daf Yomi" - reading a set page of Talmud daily. With the start of a new 7 1/2 year cycle, I thought I would share a taste of what the Talmud offers, with a bit of personal commentary included. The idea is not to give a scholarly explanation. Rather, it is for those new to Talmud to give a little taste - a tweet, as it were - of the richness of this text and dialogue it contains. The Talmud is a window into a style of thinking as well as the world as it changed over the centuries of its compilation.

These are not literal "tweets" - I don't limit myself to 140 characters. Rather, these are intended to be short, quick takes - focusing in on one part of a much richer discussion. Hopefully, I will pique your interest. As Hillel says: "Go and study it!" (Shabbat 31a)

Thursday, July 11, 2013

Pesachim 21 – Cattle and Beasts and Birds

We come (finally!) to a new chapter of the Mishnah. It begins with a bit of an elliptical statement about the use of leaven before and during Passover:

THE WHOLE TIME THAT ONE IS PERMITTED TO EAT [LEAVEN], ONE MAY FEED IT TO CATTLE, BEASTS, AND BIRDS, AND HE MAY SELL IT TO A GENTILE, AND BENEFIT THEREOF IS PERMITTED. WHEN ITS PERIOD HAS PASSED, BENEFIT THEREOF IS FORBIDDEN

In other words, not only can one not own leaven during Passover, one cannot even gain benefit from it, for example selling it using it as feed. Now this may be a bit obvious (how can you gain benefit from something you don’t own?) but, the argument goes, it is necessary.

This, by the way, becomes the basis of the now common custom to sell hametz to a non-Jew before Passover – at a time when benefit is still allowed.

But let’s start with the animals. First some terms: “Cattle” (behaymah) refers to domesticated animals. “Beasts” (chayya) refers to wild or semi-domesticated.

For what purpose does he state, CATTLE and for what purpose does he state BEASTS? They are necessary: for if he stated CATTLE, [I might say] that is because if they leave over it is fit for them; but [as for] BEASTS, which if they leave over hide it, I would say [that it is] not [so].

Could the principle be stated using just one example? Maybe not, because of their different habits. Whatever cattle don’t eat, they leave for next time, but whatever beasts leave over they hide for the future. All that hidden food is still in the owners possession even though he can’t see it. So maybe it only needs to say “Beasts.”

While if he stated BEASTS, [I might say] that is because if they leave over they at least hide it; but as for cattle, sometimes they leave over and he [the owner] may not think about it, and so transgress ‘it shall not be seen’ and ‘it shall not be found’ on its account,

So all that leaven for cattle feed is lying around but it is still in the owner’s possession and he may forget about it once he’s fed the cattle.

[and therefore] I might say [that it is] not [so]: thus they [both] are necessary.

I guess they are! But, wait. Aren’t we forgetting something?

What is the purpose of [including] BIRDS?
Because he states CATTLE and BEASTS, he also states BIRDS.


Oh, well. Less rhetorical logic there. But, fine. “Cattle” and “Beasts” and “Birds” it is.

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